Automobile parts

The growth of automobile use and the increasing resistance to road building have made our highway systems both congested and obsolete. But new electronic vehicle technologies that permit cars to navigate around the congestion and even drive themselves may soon become possible. Growing intolerance for pollution combined with extraordinary technological advancements will change the global transportation paradigm that will carry us into the twenty-first century.

A self-propelled land vehicle, usually having four wheels and an internal combustion engine, used primarily for personal transportation.

The automobile body is the assembly of sheet-metal, , plastic, or composite-material panels together with windows, doors, seats, trim and glass, and other parts that form enclosures for the passenger, engine, and compartments. The assembled body structure may attach through rubber mounts to a separate or full frame (body-on-frame construction), or the body and frame may be integrated (unitized-body construction).

In the latter method, the frame, body parts, and floor pan are welded together to form a single unit that has energy-absorbing front and rear structures, and anchors for the engine, suspension, steering, and power-train components. A third type of body construction is the space frame which is made of welded steel stampings. Similar to the tube chassis and roll cage combination used in race-car construction, non-load-carrying plastic outer panels to the space frame to form the body.

The frame is the main structural member to which all other mechanical chassis parts and the body are assembled to make a complete vehicle. In older vehicle designs, the frame is a separate rigid structure; newer passenger-car designs have the frame and body structure combined into an integral unit, or unitized body. Sub frames and their assembled components attach to the side rails at the front and rear of the unitized body. The front sub frame carries the engine, transmission or lower front suspension, and other mechanical parts. The rear sub frame, if used, carries the rear suspension and rear axle.

The suspension supports the weight of the vehicle, absorbs road shocks, transmits brake-reaction forces, helps maintain traction between the tires and the road, and holds the wheels in alignment while allowing the driver to steer the vehicle over a wide range of speed and load conditions. The action of the suspension increases riding comfort, improves driving safety, and reduces strain on vehicle components, occupants, and cargo. The springs may be coil, leaf, torsion bar, or air. Most automotive vehicles have coil springs at the front and either coil or leaf springs at the rear.

The steering system enables the driver to turn the front wheels left or right to control the direction of vehicle travel. The rotary motion of the steering wheel is changed to linear motion in the steering gear, which is located at the lower end of the steering shaft. The linear motion is transferred through the steering linkage to the steering knuckles, to which the front wheels are mounted. Steering systems are classed as either manual steering or power steering, with power assist provided hydraulically or by an electric motor.

A brake is a device that uses a controlled force to reduce the speed of or stop a moving vehicle, or to hold the vehicle stationary. The automobile has a friction brake at each wheel. When the brake is applied, a stationary surface moves into contact with a moving surface. The resistance to relative motion or rubbing action between the two surfaces slows the moving surface, which slows and stops the vehicle.

The engine supplies the power to move the vehicle. The power is available from the engine after a fuel, usually gasoline, is burned in the engine cylinders. Most automotive engines are located at the front of the vehicle and drive either the rear wheels or the front wheels through a drive train or power train made up of gears, shafts, and other mechanical and hydraulic components.

Most automotive vehicles are powered by a spark-ignition four-stroke-cycle internal combustion engine. The inline four-cylinder engine and V-type six-cylinder engine are the most widely used, with V-8 engines also common. Other automotive engines have three, five, ten, and twelve cylinders. Some passenger cars and trucks have diesel engines. Some automotive spark-ignition and diesel engines are equipped with a supercharger or turbocharger.

In drive axles, the differential is the gear assembly between axle shafts that permits one wheel to rotate at a speed different from that of the other (if necessary), while transmitting torque from the final-drive ring gear to the axle shafts. When the vehicle is cornering or making a turn, the differential allows the outside wheel to travel a greater distance than the inside wheel; otherwise, one wheel would skid, causing tire wear and partial loss of control.

self starter: An automobile self-starter is an electric motor that initiates piston motion in a car's internal combustion engine before it can power itself. Bench Seat: The traditional seat installed in American automobiles was the bench seat. This seat featured a continuous pad running the full width of the cabin. Brakes: A device for slowing or stopping motion, as of a vehicle, especially by contact friction. Bumper: A usually metal or rubber bar attached to either end of a motor vehicle, such as a truck or car, to absorb impact in a collision.

Buzzer: An electric signaling device, such as a doorbell, that makes a buzzing sound.

Car Battery: a lead-acid storage battery in a motor vehicle; usually a 12-volt battery of six cells; the heart of the car's electrical system.

Clutch-A machine element for the connection and disconnection of shafts in equipment drives. If both shafts to be connected can be stopped or made to move relatively slowly, a positive-type mechanical clutch may be used. If an initially stationary shaft is to be driven by a moving shaft, friction surfaces must be to absorb the relative slippage until the speeds are the same. Likewise, friction slippage allows one shaft to stop after the clutch is released.

Dashboard: A dashboard dash board is a control panel located under the windscreen of an automobile. It contains indicators, dials, controls and displays to assist operation of the vehicle.

An exhaust pipe is usually tubing used to guide waste exhaust gases away from a controlled combustion inside an engine or stove. An exhaust pipe must be carefully designed to carry toxic and/or noxious gases away from the users of the machine.

Grille is an opening in the bodywork of a vehicle to allow air to enter. Most vehicles feature a grille at the front of the vehicle to allow air to flow over the radiator and cool the engine compartment. Other common grille locations include below the front bumper, in front of the wheels (to cool the brakes), in the cowl for cabin ventilation, or on the rear deck lid (in rear engine vehicles).The grille is often a distinctive styling element, and many marques use it as their primary brand identifier. For example, Jeep has trademarked its seven-bar grille style. ^[1] Rolls-Royce is famous for arranging its grille bars by hand to ensure that they appear perfectly vertical.

Headlight: a powerful light with reflector; attached to the front of an automobile.

Kingpin: Bolt that provides a steering joint in a motor vehicle.

Radiator: is connected to channels running through the engine and cylinder head, through which is pumped a liquid. This liquid is typically a mixture of water with ethylene glycol. The radiator is typically mounted behind the vehicle's grille, with outside air driven through the radiator by the vehicle's forward motion, often supplemented by a fan. The radiator transfers the heat from the fluid inside to the air, thereby cooling the engine.

Steering wheel: A steering wheel is a type of steering control used in most modern land vehicles, including all mass-production automobiles. The steering wheel is the part of the steering system that is manipulated by the driver; the rest of the steering system responds to the movements of the steering wheel.

Windshield: transparent screen (as of glass) to protect occupants of a vehicle.

Fuel Injection: is a means of metering fuel into an internal combustion engine. In modern automotive applications, fuel metering is one of several functions performed by an "engine management system?. Fuel injection often produces more power than an equivalent carbureted engine.

One of the finest writers has quoted.A car can massage organs which no masseur can reach. It is the one remedy for the disorders of the great sympathetic nervous system.

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